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Name: 
 

Cell Process



Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 

 1. 

What are the products of photosynthesis?
a.
carbon dioxide and water
b.
oxygen and water
c.
carbon dioxide and sugars
d.
oxygen and sugars
 

 2. 

What happens during photosynthesis?
a.
The cell uses oxygen to make food.
b.
The cell uses the energy in sunlight to make food.
c.
The cell uses glucose to make oxygen.
d.
The cell uses the energy in sunlight to make carbon dioxide.
 

 3. 

How does photosynthesis benefit heterotrophs?
a.
It adds carbon dioxide to the air.
b.
It creates food that they can eat.
c.
It eliminates harmful sugars.
d.
It creates clean water.
 

 4. 

What happens during respiration?
a.
Oxygen is released into the air.
b.
Glucose is broken down, releasing energy.
c.
Carbohydrates are released into the bloodstream.
d.
Water and carbon dioxide are converted into energy.
 

 5. 

The stage of respiration that releases most of the energy in glucose occurs in the
a.
nucleus.
b.
chloroplast.
c.
cytoplasm.
d.
mitochondria.
 

 6. 

How are photosynthesis and respiration related?
a.
They have opposite equations.
b.
They have the same equation.
c.
They both produce carbon dioxide.
d.
They both produce oxygen.
 

 7. 

Together, respiration and photosynthesis keep the levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere
a.
fairly constant.
b.
constantly changing.
c.
constantly increasing.
d.
constantly decreasing.
 

 8. 

The energy-releasing process that does not require oxygen is called
a.
photosynthesis.
b.
respiration.
c.
fertilization.
d.
fermentation.
 

 9. 

Under which of the following conditions is lactic-acid fermentation most likely to occur?
a.
a very fast run
b.
a long walk
c.
sleeping
d.
playing video games
 

 10. 

Mitosis is the stage of the cell cycle during which
a.
the cell’s nucleus divides into two new nuclei.
b.
the cell’s DNA is replicated.
c.
the cell divides into two new cells.
d.
the cell’s cytoplasm divides.
 

 11. 

What happens during cytokinesis in animal cells?
a.
A new round of mitosis begins.
b.
Two new daughter cells are formed.
c.
Each organelle divides into two parts.
d.
A cell plate forms in the middle of the cell.
 

 12. 

A DNA molecule is shaped like a
a.
long, thin rod.
b.
spiral staircase.
c.
straight ladder.
d.
triple helix.
 

 13. 

During DNA replication, adenine (A) always pairs with
a.
guanine (G).
b.
cytosine (C).
c.
thymine (T).
d.
adenine (A).
 

 14. 

What captures energy from sunlight during photosynthesis?
a.
solar cells
b.
stomata
c.
chlorophyll and other pigments
d.
carbohydrates
 

 15. 

Each rung of the DNA ladder is made of
a.
a single nitrogen base.
b.
a pair of nitrogen bases.
c.
three nitrogen bases.
d.
four nitrogen bases.
 

 16. 

In which of these does alcoholic fermentation occur?
a.
carbon dioxide
b.
lactic acid
c.
muscle cells
d.
yeast
 

 17. 

During what stage of the cell cycle does replication occur?
a.
interphase
b.
cytokinesis
c.
prophase
d.
mitosis
 

 18. 

What is copied during replication?
a.
the cell’s organelles
b.
chromosomes
c.
the cell’s DNA
d.
two daughter cells
 

 19. 

What are chromatids?
a.
identical strands of chromosomes
b.
identical daughter cells
c.
doubled rods of condensed chromatin
d.
pigments that absorb the energy in sunlight
 

 20. 

What forms around the chromatids during mitosis?
a.
two new chromosomes
b.
two new nuclei
c.
two new cells
d.
two new DNA molecules
 

 21. 

The stage of the cell cycle that follows mitosis is called
a.
interphase.
b.
metaphase.
c.
cytokinesis.
d.
telophase.
 

 22. 

The regular cycle of growth and division that cells undergo is called
a.
replication.
b.
the cell cycle.
c.
interphase.
d.
mitosis.
 

 23. 

All organic compounds contain the element
a.
water.
b.
oxygen.
c.
carbon.
d.
nitrogen.
 

 24. 

Why is water important for a cell?
a.
Water is the main ingredient in DNA.
b.
All proteins are made of water.
c.
Most chemical reactions in cells require water.
d.
Water is an essential organic compound for the body.
 

 25. 

Which term refers to the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration?
a.
collision
b.
diffusion
c.
active transport
d.
concentration
 

 26. 

Which term refers to the diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane?
a.
osmosis
b.
engulfing
c.
active transport
d.
passive transport
 

 27. 

Which term refers to the movement of materials through a cell membrane without using the cell’s energy?
a.
concentration
b.
collision
c.
active transport
d.
passive transport
 

 28. 

Enzymes are important because they
a.
contain water.
b.
speed up chemical reactions.
c.
contain genetic material.
d.
help the cell maintain its shape.
 

 29. 

Sugar molecules can combine with one another to form large molecules called
a.
proteins.
b.
starches.
c.
enzymes.
d.
lipids.
 

 30. 

When two or more elements combine chemically, they form a(n)
a.
lipid.
b.
atom.
c.
element.
d.
compound.
 

Modified True/False
Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false.  If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the sentence or statement true.
 

 31. 

Plants use energy from the sun to produce carbon dioxide and sugars. _________________________

 

 32. 

A heterotroph is an organism that cannot make its own food. _________________________

 

 33. 

Photosynthesis and respiration form a cycle that keeps the levels of water and carbon dioxide fairly constant in the atmosphere. _________________________

 

 34. 

The raw materials for respiration are the opposite of the end products for photosynthesis. _________________________

 

 35. 

When muscle cells run low on oxygen, lactic acid fermentation takes place. _________________________

 

 36. 

A cell makes a copy of its DNA during the stage of the cell cycle called mitosis. _________________________

 

 37. 

In a DNA molecule, guanine always pairs with thymine. _________________________

 

 38. 

In passive transport, materials move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration through a cell membrane. _________________________

 

 39. 

Carbon dioxide enters plants through the chloroplasts. _________________________

 

 40. 

Since carbon cannot be broken down into simpler substances, it is an example of a(n) compound. _________________________

 

Completion
Complete each sentence or statement.
 

 41. 

Small openings called ____________________ allow carbon dioxide to enter a leaf.
 

 

 42. 

Almost all living things depend on the process of ____________________ to supply them with the energy they need.
 

 

 43. 

During respiration, molecules of ____________________ are first broken down in the cytoplasm.
 

 

 44. 

Energy from glucose is released in the process of ____________________.
 

 

 45. 

The main difference between respiration and fermentation is that respiration uses ____________________ to obtain energy from food.
 

 

 46. 

The process in which yeasts break down sugars and produce carbon dioxide and alcohol is called ____________________ fermentation.
 

 

 47. 

The products of respiration are energy, carbon dioxide, and ____________________.
 

 

 48. 

A cell’s nucleus divides to form two identical nuclei during the stage of the cell cycle known as ____________________.
 

 

 49. 

The final stage of the cell cycle, during which the cytoplasm divides, is called ____________________.
 

 

 50. 

The sides of the DNA ladder are made of molecules of deoxyribose and ____________________.
 

 

 51. 

Chloroplasts contain a pigment called ____________________ that captures the energy in light.
 

 

 52. 

During cytokinesis in plant cells, a(n) ____________________ forms across the middle of the cell.
 

 

 53. 

____________________ is the process by which a cell makes an exact copy of its DNA.
 

 

 54. 

Sugars and starches are examples of organic compounds known as ____________________.
 

 

 55. 

DNA and RNA belong to the group of organic compounds known as ____________________.
 

 

 56. 

Oxygen molecules move across cell membranes through a process called ____________________.
 

 

 57. 

The diffusion of ____________________ molecules through a selectively permeable membrane is called osmosis.
 

 

 58. 

Unlike passive transport, active transport requires the cell to use its own ____________________.
 

 

 59. 

Small molecules called ____________________ make up proteins.
 

 

 60. 

When two or more elements combine chemically, they form a(n) ____________________.
 

 

Short Answer
 
 
Use the diagram to answer each question.

cell_files/i0650000.jpg
 

 61. 

Identify A and B, which are the raw materials for respiration.
 

 62. 

Explain where raw materials A and B come from.
 

 63. 

Identify C and D, which are the products of respiration.
 

 64. 

Is oxygen required for the stage of respiration that takes place in the cytoplasm? Is oxygen required for the stage of respiration that takes place in mitochondria?
 

 65. 

Compare the amount of energy released by the stage of respiration that takes place in the cytoplasm with the amount released in the stage of respiration that takes place in the mitochondria.
 

 66. 

Can you tell whether the cell shown is a plant cell or an animal cell? Explain why or why not.
 
 
Use the diagram to answer each question.

cell_files/i0720000.jpg
 

 67. 

Identify the stages of the cell cycle represented by drawings 1–5.
 

 68. 

Which drawings represent parts of mitosis?
 

 69. 

List drawings 1-5 in their correct order, beginning with the drawing that represents interphase.
 

 70. 

Identify structure A and describe its function.
 

 71. 

Identify the structures labeled B. What do these structures contain?
 

 72. 

Explain what is happening in drawing 4.
 

Essay
 

 73. 

Briefly explain what happens in each of the two stages of photosynthesis.
 

 74. 

Explain the following statement: Photosynthesis and respiration are opposite processes.
 

 75. 

Animals do not make their own food from energy in sunlight. Explain why they still depend on the sun for energy.
 

 76. 

Define DNA replication and explain its function.
 

 77. 

Suppose one side of a piece of DNA contains the following series of nitrogen bases: A-C-G-C-T-T. What is the series of nitrogen bases on the other side of that piece of DNA? Explain how you arrived at your answer.
 

 78. 

State the function of each of the following: DNA, enzyme, fat, sugar. Classify each of them into the group of organic compounds to which they belong.
 

 79. 

Raising the temperature of a substance causes its molecules to move faster. Explain why raising the temperature of a liquid would speed up diffusion.
 

 80. 

Describe the two methods of active transport.
 



 
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