Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles

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Name:

Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles

Multiple Choice

Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

At some point in their lives, all chordates have a flexible supporting rod in their backs called a

a.	notochord.
b.	gill.
c.	nerve cord.
d.	backbone.

The latest group of vertebrates to arise was probably the

a.	fishes.
b.	reptiles.
c.	mammals.
d.	birds.

If an animal is an ectotherm, it has

a.	a skeleton on the outside of its body.
b.	a skeleton on the inside of its body.
c.	a body that regulates its own internal temperature.
d.	a body that does not produce much internal heat.

What does the backbone surround and protect in a vertebrate?

a.	the heart and lungs
b.	vertebrae
c.	the spinal cord
d.	the gill slits

Fishes take in oxygen through their

a.	fins.
b.	gills.
c.	scales.
d.	vertebrae.

Most fishes reproduce by means of

a.	budding.
b.	asexual reproduction.
c.	external fertilization.
d.	internal fertilization.

Which of the following fishes has a skeleton made of hard bone?

a.	a shark
b.	a ray
c.	a goldfish
d.	a hagfish

The scales of many cartilaginous fishes are

a.	located in pockets on the sides of the head.
b.	smooth and slimy.
c.	pointed, giving the skin a rough texture.
d.	located within the swim bladder.

Most adult amphibians can obtain oxygen through

a.	gills.
b.	gills and lungs.
c.	lungs and thin, moist skin.
d.	lungs only.

10.

How many chambers are there in a typical adult amphibian’s heart?

a.	one
b.	two
c.	three
d.	four

11.

An adaptation that helps amphibians move from place to place on land is

a.	eggs covered by jelly.
b.	moist skin.
c.	a transparent membrane that keeps the eyes from drying out.
d.	a strong skeleton.

12.

Amphibians are especially sensitive to changes in the environment because

a.	few amphibians have camouflage.
b.	their eggs are tough and leathery.
c.	they do well only in sunny areas.
d.	their skin is delicate.

13.

An adult reptile can survive on dry land because its kidneys

a.	help support the weight of the reptile’s body.
b.	produce concentrated urine.
c.	help the reptile obtain oxygen.
d.	keep the reptile’s skin from drying out.

14.

Which of these organs help a reptile keep water in its body?

a.	skin and heart
b.	skin and kidneys
c.	heart and kidneys
d.	heart and lungs

15.

How is a reptile egg different from an amphibian egg?

a.	It is covered with protective jelly.
b.	It has a shell and internal membranes.
c.	It must be kept in shallow water.
d.	It does not release carbon dioxide.

16.

What is one way in which a reptile’s egg is adapted to survive on land?

a.	The egg has a hard, rigid shell.
b.	The egg has membranes that help keep the embryo moist.
c.	The embryo has an air tube to get oxygen directly from the air.
d.	The embryo’s skin keeps water in the egg.

17.

One major difference between lizards and snakes is that lizards

a.	have legs.
b.	are herbivores.
c.	can live in very cold climates.
d.	are endotherms.

18.

Which of the following statements is true of the feeding behavior of all snakes?

a.	They are carnivores.
b.	They inject venom through fangs.
c.	They chew their prey with sharp fangs.
d.	They strangle their prey.

19.

Fossils are most often found in

a.	mud.
b.	water.
c.	desert sand.
d.	sedimentary rock.

20.

Which of these is LEAST likely to be learned by studying animal fossils?

a.	the approximate age of the fossils
b.	how the animals changed over time
c.	what type of skin the animals had when they were living
d.	whether the animals were invertebrates or vertebrates

21.

To which phylum do vertebrates belong?

a.	Arthropoda
b.	Chordata
c.	Porifera
d.	Echinodermata

22.

When the temperature of the environment changes, the body temperature of a reptile

a.	changes.
b.	stays the same.
c.	always increases.
d.	always decreases.

23.

An animal whose body temperature does not change much, even when the temperature of the environment changes, is called

a.	a temperature regulator.
b.	a cold-blooded animal.
c.	an endotherm.
d.	an ectotherm.

24.

What type of fish is a lamprey?

a.	a bony fish
b.	a jawless fish
c.	a cartilaginous fish
d.	an endothermic fish

25.

All turtles obtain food by

a.	spreading their jaws wide apart as they swallow.
b.	feeding on large plants, including cactuses.
c.	using sharp-edged beaks to tear food.
d.	capturing and eating small animals.

26.

If a fish’s swim bladder was destroyed, the fish would be unable to

a.	stabilize its body at different depths.
b.	eliminate excess oxygen.
c.	digest food.
d.	process body wastes.

27.

The larva of a frog or toad is called a(n)

a.	peeper.
b.	tadpole.
c.	embryo.
d.	salamander.

28.

A large part of a turtle’s body is covered by a protective

a.	beak.
b.	layer of spines.
c.	leathery skin.
d.	shell.

29.

Dinosaurs were a major group of

a.	amphibians.
b.	fish.
c.	reptiles.
d.	birds.

30.

Dinosaurs are the earliest vertebrates known to have legs

a.	positioned directly beneath their bodies.
b.	extending from the sides of their bodies.
c.	with claws that helped them to climb.
d.	with muscles that supported leaping movements.

Modified True/False

Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the sentence or statement true.

31.

Part or all of the notochord of vertebrates is replaced by a(n) nerve cord as the animal becomes an adult. _________________________

32.

The temperature of a(n) endotherm usually doesn’t change much even when the temperature of its environment changes. _________________________

33.

The waste product carbon dioxide is removed from a fish’s blood through its gills. _________________________

34.

A(n) cartilaginous fish has no hinged structures that enable it to open and close its mouth. _________________________

35.

Amphibians are declining in number because of habitat destruction and predators in the environment._________________________

36.

Reptiles have moist, tough skins covered with scales. _________________________

37.

The shells of amniotic eggs have pores that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass through. _________________________

38.

Snakes move by contracting bands of scales connected to their ribs and backbone. _________________________

39.

Fossils in lower layers of rock are usually older than fossils in higher layers. _________________________

40.

Most fishes are cartilaginous. _________________________

Completion

Complete each sentence or statement.

41.

Pharyngeal slits may also be called ____________________.

42.

Mammals and birds are descended from the group of vertebrates known as ____________________.

43.

An ectotherm’s body temperature changes depending on the temperature of its ____________________.

44.

Mammals and ____________________ are the two groups of vertebrates that are endotherms.

45.

Structures that help fish move are called ____________________ and typically consist of a thin membrane stretched across bony supports.

46.

One difference between sharks and most fishes is that sharks have ____________________ fertilization.

47.

Sharks, rays, and skates have skeletons made of ____________________.

48.

Most bony fishes have an organ called a(n) ____________________, which allows a fish to stabilize its body at different depths.

49.

A tadpole loses its tail and develops legs during the process called ____________________.

50.

____________________ are amphibians that keep their tails as adults.

51.

Strong skeletons and ____________________ are adaptations of amphibians for movement on land.

52.

A reptile’s kidneys excrete wastes in a watery fluid called ____________________.

53.

Tiny holes in the shell of a reptile’s egg allow the embryo to get rid of a waste gas called _________________________.

54.

The ____________________ inside a reptile’s egg provides the embryo with food.

55.

A turtle’s ____________________ includes the turtle’s ribs and backbone.

56.

Alligators and crocodiles use their ____________________ to swim through the water.

57.

Fossils are formed when a chemical process replaces an organism’s tissues with ____________________.

58.

The amount of a decayed radioactive element in a fossil can indicate the fossil’s ____________________.

59.

The dinosaurs died out about ____________________ years ago.

60.

____________________ rock is made of hardened layers of sediments.

Short Answer

Use the diagram to answer each question.

61.

According to the diagram, when did the first vertebrates appear?

62.

According to the diagram, when did the first cartilaginous fishes appear?

63.

A represents an early vertebrate. Which groups of vertebrates evolved from vertebrate A?

64.

B represents a vertebrate that evolved later than vertebrate A. Which groups of vertebrates evolved from vertebrate B?

65.

According to the diagram, are birds more closely related to reptiles or to amphibians? Explain your reasoning.

66.

According to the diagram, did birds or mammals appear on Earth first?

Use the diagram to answer each question.

67.

Is the animal in the diagram a cartilaginous fish or a bony fish? Explain your reasoning.

68.

Identify the structure labeled A and describe its function.

69.

Describe the structure of a fish’s heart.

70.

Identify the structures labeled C and describe their function.

71.

Describe the path followed by blood after it leaves a fish’s heart.

72.

What does the swim bladder contain? What is the function of the swim bladder?

Essay

73.

Describe the functions of a vertebrate’s skeleton.

74.

What is an endotherm? How do sweating, fur, and feathers affect the body temperatures of endotherms?

75.

Identify two ways in which snakes and lizards are alike. Then identify two ways in which they are different from one another.

76.

Explain why amphibians are especially sensitive to pollution of water by chemicals.

77.

Explain the function of each of the four membranes in reptile eggs.

78.

Compare and contrast the mouths and skeletons of the three major groups of fish.

79.

How do alligators and crocodiles care for their young?

80.

Describe a turtle’s shell.