Multiple Choice
Identify the
letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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At
some point in their lives, all chordates have a flexible supporting rod in their backs called
a a. | notochord. | b. | gill. | c. | nerve
cord. | d. | backbone. | | |
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2.
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The
latest group of vertebrates to arise was probably the a. | fishes. | b. | reptiles. | c. | mammals. | d. | birds. | | |
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3.
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If an
animal is an ectotherm, it has a. | a skeleton on the outside of its
body. | b. | a skeleton on the inside of its body. | c. | a body that
regulates its own internal temperature. | d. | a body that does not produce much internal
heat. | | |
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4.
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What
does the backbone surround and protect in a vertebrate? a. | the heart and
lungs | b. | vertebrae | c. | the spinal
cord | d. | the gill
slits | | |
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5.
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Fishes take in oxygen through their a. | fins. | b. | gills. | c. | scales. | d. | vertebrae. | | |
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6.
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Most
fishes reproduce by means of a. | budding. | b. | asexual
reproduction. | c. | external fertilization. | d. | internal
fertilization. | | |
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7.
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Which
of the following fishes has a skeleton made of hard bone? a. | a
shark | b. | a ray | c. | a
goldfish | d. | a hagfish | | |
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8.
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The
scales of many cartilaginous fishes are a. | located in pockets on the sides of the
head. | b. | smooth and slimy. | c. | pointed, giving
the skin a rough texture. | d. | located within the swim bladder. | | |
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9.
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Most
adult amphibians can obtain oxygen through a. | gills. | b. | gills and
lungs. | c. | lungs and thin, moist skin. | d. | lungs
only. | | |
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10.
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How
many chambers are there in a typical adult amphibian’s heart?
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11.
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An
adaptation that helps amphibians move from place to place on land is a. | eggs covered by
jelly. | b. | moist skin. | c. | a transparent
membrane that keeps the eyes from drying out. | d. | a strong
skeleton. | | |
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12.
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Amphibians are especially sensitive to changes in the environment
because a. | few amphibians
have camouflage. | b. | their eggs are tough and leathery. | c. | they do well
only in sunny areas. | d. | their skin is delicate. | | |
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13.
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An
adult reptile can survive on dry land because its kidneys a. | help support the
weight of the reptile’s body. | b. | produce concentrated urine. | c. | help the reptile
obtain oxygen. | d. | keep the reptile’s skin from drying
out. | | |
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14.
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Which
of these organs help a reptile keep water in its body? a. | skin and
heart | b. | skin and kidneys | c. | heart and
kidneys | d. | heart and lungs | | |
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15.
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How
is a reptile egg different from an amphibian egg? a. | It is covered with protective jelly. | b. | It has a shell
and internal membranes. | c. | It must be kept in shallow water. | d. | It does not
release carbon dioxide. | | |
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16.
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What
is one way in which a reptile’s egg is adapted to survive on land? a. | The egg has a
hard, rigid shell. | b. | The egg has membranes that help keep the embryo
moist. | c. | The embryo has an air tube to get oxygen directly from the
air. | d. | The
embryo’s skin keeps water in the egg. | | |
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17.
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One
major difference between lizards and snakes is that lizards a. | have
legs. | b. | are herbivores. | c. | can live in very
cold climates. | d. | are endotherms. | | |
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18.
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Which
of the following statements is true of the feeding behavior of all snakes? a. | They are
carnivores. | b. | They inject venom through fangs. | c. | They chew their
prey with sharp fangs. | d. | They strangle their prey. | | |
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19.
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Fossils are most often found in a. | mud. | b. | water. | c. | desert
sand. | d. | sedimentary rock. | | |
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20.
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Which
of these is LEAST likely to be learned by studying animal fossils? a. | the approximate
age of the fossils | b. | how the animals changed over time | c. | what type of
skin the animals had when they were living | d. | whether the animals were invertebrates or
vertebrates | | |
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21.
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To
which phylum do vertebrates belong? a. | Arthropoda | b. | Chordata | c. | Porifera | d. | Echinodermata | | |
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22.
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When
the temperature of the environment changes, the body temperature of a reptile a. | changes. | b. | stays the same. | c. | always
increases. | d. | always decreases. | | |
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23.
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An
animal whose body temperature does not change much, even when the temperature of the environment
changes, is called a. | a temperature regulator. | b. | a cold-blooded
animal. | c. | an endotherm. | d. | an
ectotherm. | | |
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24.
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What
type of fish is a lamprey? a. | a bony fish | b. | a jawless
fish | c. | a cartilaginous
fish | d. | an endothermic
fish | | |
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25.
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All
turtles obtain food by a. | spreading their jaws wide apart as they
swallow. | b. | feeding on large plants, including
cactuses. | c. | using sharp-edged beaks to tear food. | d. | capturing and
eating small animals. | | |
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26.
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If a
fish’s swim bladder was destroyed, the fish would be unable to a. | stabilize its
body at different depths. | b. | eliminate excess oxygen. | c. | digest
food. | d. | process body wastes. | | |
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27.
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The
larva of a frog or toad is called a(n) a. | peeper. | b. | tadpole. | c. | embryo. | d. | salamander. | | |
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28.
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A
large part of a turtle’s body is covered by a protective a. | beak. | b. | layer of spines. | c. | leathery
skin. | d. | shell. | | |
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29.
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Dinosaurs were a major group of a. | amphibians. | b. | fish. | c. | reptiles. | d. | birds. | | |
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30.
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Dinosaurs are the earliest vertebrates known to have legs a. | positioned
directly beneath their bodies. | b. | extending from the sides of their
bodies. | c. | with claws that helped them to climb. | d. | with muscles
that supported leaping movements. | | |
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Modified True/False
Indicate
whether the sentence or statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or
phrase to make the sentence or statement true.
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31.
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Part
or all of the notochord of vertebrates is replaced by a(n) nerve cord as the animal becomes an
adult. _________________________
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32.
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The
temperature of a(n) endotherm usually doesn’t change much even when the temperature of
its environment changes. _________________________
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33.
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The
waste product carbon dioxide is removed from a fish’s blood through its gills.
_________________________
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34.
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A(n)
cartilaginous fish has no hinged structures that enable it to open and close its mouth.
_________________________
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35.
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Amphibians are declining in number because of habitat destruction and predators
in the environment._________________________
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36.
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Reptiles have moist, tough skins covered with scales.
_________________________
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37.
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The
shells of amniotic eggs have pores that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass through.
_________________________
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38.
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Snakes move by contracting bands of scales connected to their ribs and
backbone. _________________________
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39.
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Fossils in lower layers of rock are usually older than fossils in higher
layers. _________________________
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40.
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Most
fishes are cartilaginous. _________________________
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Completion
Complete each sentence or
statement.
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41.
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Pharyngeal slits may also be called ____________________.
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42.
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Mammals and birds are descended from the group of vertebrates known as
____________________.
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43.
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An
ectotherm’s body temperature changes depending on the temperature of its
____________________.
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44.
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Mammals and ____________________ are the two groups of vertebrates that are
endotherms.
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45.
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Structures that help fish move are called ____________________ and typically consist
of a thin membrane stretched across bony supports.
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46.
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One
difference between sharks and most fishes is that sharks have ____________________
fertilization.
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47.
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Sharks, rays, and skates have skeletons made of ____________________.
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48.
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Most
bony fishes have an organ called a(n) ____________________, which allows a fish to stabilize its body
at different depths.
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49.
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A
tadpole loses its tail and develops legs during the process called
____________________.
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50.
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____________________ are amphibians that keep their tails as adults.
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51.
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Strong skeletons and ____________________ are adaptations of amphibians for movement
on land.
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52.
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A
reptile’s kidneys excrete wastes in a watery fluid called ____________________.
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53.
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Tiny
holes in the shell of a reptile’s egg allow the embryo to get rid of a waste gas called
_________________________.
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54.
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The
____________________ inside a reptile’s egg provides the embryo with food.
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55.
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A
turtle’s ____________________ includes the turtle’s ribs and backbone.
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56.
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Alligators and crocodiles use their ____________________ to swim through the
water.
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57.
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Fossils are formed when a chemical process replaces an organism’s tissues with
____________________.
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58.
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The
amount of a decayed radioactive element in a fossil can indicate the fossil’s
____________________.
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59.
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The
dinosaurs died out about ____________________ years ago.
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60.
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____________________ rock is made of hardened layers of sediments.
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Short Answer
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Use the diagram to answer each question.
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61.
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According to the diagram, when did the first vertebrates appear?
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62.
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According to the diagram, when did the first cartilaginous fishes
appear?
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63.
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A
represents an early vertebrate. Which groups of vertebrates evolved from vertebrate A?
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64.
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B
represents a vertebrate that evolved later than vertebrate A. Which groups of vertebrates evolved
from vertebrate B?
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65.
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According to the diagram, are birds more closely related to reptiles or to amphibians?
Explain your reasoning.
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66.
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According to the diagram, did birds or mammals appear on Earth first?
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Use the diagram to answer each question.
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67.
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Is
the animal in the diagram a cartilaginous fish or a bony fish? Explain your reasoning.
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68.
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Identify the structure labeled A and describe its function.
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69.
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Describe the structure of a fish’s heart.
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70.
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Identify the structures labeled C and describe their function.
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71.
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Describe the path followed by blood after it leaves a fish’s heart.
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72.
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What
does the swim bladder contain? What is the function of the swim bladder?
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Essay
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73.
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Describe the functions of a vertebrate’s skeleton.
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74.
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What
is an endotherm? How do sweating, fur, and feathers affect the body temperatures of
endotherms?
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75.
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Identify two ways in which snakes and lizards are alike. Then identify two ways in
which they are different from one another.
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76.
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Explain why amphibians are especially sensitive to pollution of water by
chemicals.
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77.
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Explain the function of each of the four membranes in reptile eggs.
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78.
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Compare and contrast the mouths and skeletons of the three major groups of
fish.
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79.
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How
do alligators and crocodiles care for their young?
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80.
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Describe a turtle’s shell.
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